Tunnel Effect in Quantum Science

quantum mechanics

to exceed 1 when n2 is low enough. Thus, refraction

becomes impossible.
Actually, electromagnetic wave penetrates into the optically more dense medium at a distance of the wave length λ. It can be found by the indicated set-up when δ ≤ λ.
Hence, a massive particle (electron, proton, etc.) directly reveals its wave properties!

of the particle inside and outside the atomic nucleus:
 is

the probability of the -particle escape during the time unit

electrostatic field

the particle is in the left well

is a probability of the particle to occur in the

left well at the moment t

Limiting cases:

The particle spends equal times in both wells

The particle is predominately in the left well

potential
Ek0 is the bandwidth

the conductance band CD is proportional to exp{-c[εg]3/2/E}, where εg

is the forbidden-gap width. This is Zener effect. It changes the coefficient E of the light absorption in a semiconductor in the homogeneous electric field E. This is Franz-Keldysh effect.