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Futhark

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Old English: Historical BackgroundPre-Germanic Britain -- PictsCeltsRoman BritainGermanic Settlement of Britain

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Слайд 1Futhark

Futhark

Слайд 4Old English: Historical Background
Pre-Germanic Britain
-- Picts
Celts
Roman Britain
Germanic Settlement

of Britain

Old English: Historical BackgroundPre-Germanic Britain  -- PictsCeltsRoman BritainGermanic Settlement of Britain

Слайд 5the Picts
Pictish is the language of the people known as

the Picts. The first reference to them is made in

297 AD together with the Hiberni, both mentioned as enemies of the Britanni and the Celts of southern Britain.
the PictsPictish is the language of the people known as the Picts. The first reference to them

Слайд 6The term Scoti is later used for Hiberni, this giving

us modern Scotland, Scottish, etc.
If the term is taken

to denote all the people north of the Clyde and Forth then the Picti refer to two distinct groupings, one Celtic and the other non-Celtic
The term Scoti is later used for Hiberni, this giving us modern Scotland, Scottish, etc. If the

Слайд 7In the sixth century, Christianity was introduced from the West

of Scotland, the Their language survived.
But in the ninth century

with the arrival of the first Scandinavians the Pictish empire was practically destroyed and the people, driven out of the area, killed or assimilated by Scandinavians.

In the sixth century, Christianity was introduced from the West of Scotland, the Their language survived.But in

Слайд 8The Celts
The first millennium B.C. was the period of Celtic

migrations and expansion. Traces of their civilization can be found

all over Europe. Celtic languages were spoken over extensive parts of Europe before our era. Later they were absorbed by other IE languages.
The CeltsThe first millennium B.C. was the period of Celtic migrations and expansion. Traces of their civilization

Слайд 9Celtic Houses

Celtic Houses

Слайд 11The Gaelic branch survived as Irish in Ireland. It also

expanded to Scotland as Scotch-Gaelic of the Highlands and is

still spoken by some people on the Isle of Man.
The Gaelic branch survived as Irish in Ireland. It also expanded to Scotland as Scotch-Gaelic of the

Слайд 12The Britonnic branch is represented by Kymric or Welsh in

Modern Wales and by Breton or Armorican spoken in modern

France.
Another Britonic dialect in Great Britain is Cornish. It was spoken until the end of the 18th century.
The Britonnic branch is represented by Kymric or Welsh in Modern Wales and by Breton or Armorican

Слайд 13Celtic Languages
Language Area

Status
Welsh (Cymric) Wales

still spoken
Cornish Cornwall extinct
Scots Gaelic Scotland still spoken
Manx Isle of Man still spoken
Irish Gaelic Ireland still spoken

Celtic Languages Language      Area       Status Welsh

Слайд 14The Celtic nations where most Celtic speakers are now concentrated

The Celtic nations where most Celtic speakers are now concentrated

Слайд 15Toponymy
The major impact of the Celtic language on English has

been through the names of places and rivers. Places such

as London, Winchester and rivers such as the Thames and Avon are wholly or partly of Celtic origin. Anyway Celtic has left little mark on English: quite apart from the vocabulary, there is little evidence of any influence on morphology, phonology or syntax
ToponymyThe major impact of the Celtic language on English has been through the names of places and

Слайд 16Roman Britain
Julius Caesar made two raids on Britain in 55

and 54 B.C.
Caesar attacked Britain for economic reasons: to obtain

tin, pearls and corn. He had some strategic reasons as well. The chief purpose was to discourage the Celts of Britain from coming to the assistance of Celts in Gaul.
Roman BritainJulius Caesar made two raids on Britain in 55 and 54 B.C.Caesar attacked Britain for economic

Слайд 17The expedition of 55 B.C. ended disastrously and his return

the following year was not a great success.
The resistance

of the Celts was unexpectedly spirited. Soon he returned to Gaul. The expedition had resulted in no material gain and some loss of prestige.
The expedition of 55 B.C. ended disastrously and his return the following year was not a great

Слайд 18Julius Caesar
The following summer he again invaded the island after

much more elaborate preparations. This time he succeeded in establishing

himself in the southeast. Julius Caesar exacted tribute from the Celts (which was never paid) and again returned to Gaul. Britain was not again troubled by Roman legions for nearly a hundred years
Julius CaesarThe following summer he again invaded the island after much more elaborate preparations. This time he

Слайд 19Emperor Claudius
In 43 A.D. Britain was invaded by Roman legions

under In 43 A.D. Britain was invaded by Roman legions

under Emperor Claudius. An army of 40 thousand was sent to Britain and within 3 years had subjugated the people of central and southeastern regions.
Emperor ClaudiusIn 43 A.D. Britain was invaded by Roman legions under In 43 A.D. Britain was invaded

Слайд 20Uprising
A serious uprising of the Celts occurred in 61 A.D.

under Boudicca (Boadicea), the widow of one of the Celtic

chiefs. 70 thousand Romans and Romanized Britons were massacred. The Romans never penetrated far into the mountains of Wales and Scotland. They protected the northern boundary by a stone wall stretching across England.
UprisingA serious uprising of the Celts occurred in 61 A.D. under Boudicca (Boadicea), the widow of one

Слайд 21The district of south was under Roman rule for more

than 300 years. Britain was made a province of Roman

Empire. Many towns with mixed population grew and London was one of the most important trading centres of Roman Britain. Where the Romans lived and ruled, there Roman ways were found: great highways soon spread from London to the north, the northwest, the west and the southwest.
The district of south was under Roman rule for more than 300 years. Britain was made a

Слайд 22The houses were equipped with heating apparatus and water supply,

their floors were paved in mosaic. Roman dress, Roman ornaments

and utensils were in general use.
By the 3rd century Christianity had made some progress in the island.
The houses were equipped with heating apparatus and water supply, their floors were paved in mosaic. Roman

Слайд 23The upper classes and the townspeople in the southern districts

were Romanized, but rural areas were less Romanized.
Population in

the north was little affected by the Roman occupation and remained Celtic both in language and custom
The upper classes and the townspeople in the southern districts were Romanized, but rural areas were less

Слайд 24The Use of the Latin language
A great number of

inscriptions have been found, all of them in Latin. The

majority of these were military or official class documents.
Latin did not replace the Celtic language in Britain.
The Use of the Latin language A great number of inscriptions have been found, all of them

Слайд 25On the whole, there were certainly many people in Roman

Britain who habitually spoke Latin or upon occasion could use

it.
But its use was not sufficiently widespread to cause it to survive, as the Celtic language survived.
On the whole, there were certainly many people in Roman Britain who habitually spoke Latin or upon

Слайд 26The end of the Roman occupation
The Roman occupation lasted nearly

400 years.
It ended in the early 5th century.
In

410 A.D. the Roman troops were officially withdrawn to Rome. The Empire was collapsing due to internal and external causes.
The end of the Roman occupationThe Roman occupation lasted nearly 400 years. It ended in the early

Слайд 27Germanic Settlement of Britain
The 5th century is the age of

increased Germanic expansion.
About the middle of the century several

West Germanic tribes invaded Britain and colonized the island by the end of the century.
Germanic Settlement of BritainThe 5th century is the age of increased Germanic expansion. About the middle of

Слайд 28The English historian Bede (673-735) recorded those events in “Historia

Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum” (Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation). He

wrote that England was colonized by three Germanic tribes: Angles, Saxons and Jutes. Bede reported that the Saxons were invited by the Romanised British to help them fight against their enemies from the north.
The English historian Bede (673-735) recorded those events in “Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum” (Ecclesiastical History of the

Слайд 29 They settled in the east of England and the

newcomers invited others of their tribes to settle there. It

happened in 450 A.D. While there may be some elements of truth in this, Saxons have been plundering the east coast of England for many years. When the Roman armies were withdrawn in 410, Britain became more exposed to the attacks.
They settled in the east of England and the newcomers invited others of their tribes to

Слайд 30 The Angles occupied the Midlands and north of the

country.
The Saxons settled all of Southern England except Kent

and parts of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight. Their name survives in various county and regional names, such as Sussex “South Saxons”, Wessex “West Saxons” and so on.
The Angles occupied the Midlands and north of the country. The Saxons settled all of Southern

Слайд 31Kent and the Isle of Wight with parts of neighbouring

Hampshire were settled by the Jutes, though the dialect of

Kent is referred to as Kentish rather than Jutish.
Kent and the Isle of Wight with parts of neighbouring Hampshire were settled by the Jutes, though

Слайд 32The Heptarchy
At about the middle of the 6th c. it

was possible to recognize several distinct regions which lead their

own forms of government. This became recognized as the Heptarchy, or 7 kingdoms – Wessex, Sussex, Kent, Essex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria.
The HeptarchyAt about the middle of the 6th c. it was possible to recognize several distinct regions

Слайд 33It is these 7 kingdoms which provide the basic for

most dialect study of this period, though written remains are

not found until the beginning of the 8th c.
Politically, no one of these kingdoms was able to achieve supremacy over the others.
It is these 7 kingdoms which provide the basic for most dialect study of this period, though

Слайд 34“England” and “English”
The Celts called their Germanic conquerors Saxons

indiscriminately. The land was called Saxonia.
But soon the terms

Angli and Anglia occur besides Saxons and refer not to the Angles individually but to the West German tribes generally.
“England” and “English” The Celts called their Germanic conquerors Saxons indiscriminately. The land was called Saxonia. But

Слайд 35Writers in the vernacular never call their language anything but

Englisc (English).
The word is derived from the name of

Angles (OE Engle). The land is called Angelcynn.
Writers in the vernacular never call their language anything but Englisc (English). The word is derived from

Слайд 36From about the year 1000 Englaland (land of the Angles)

begins to take its place.
It is impossible to say

how much the speech of the Angles differed from that of the Saxons or that of the Jutes. The differences were certainly slight.
From about the year 1000 Englaland (land of the Angles) begins to take its place. It is

Слайд 37Old English Dialects
The Germanic tribes that settled in Britain in

the 5th and 6th c. spoke closely related dialects belonging

to the West Germanic group.
Eventually they began to use English.
Old English DialectsThe Germanic tribes that settled in Britain in the 5th and 6th c. spoke closely

Слайд 38But at the early stages of their development the dialects

remained disunited.
OE dialects acquired certain common features that distinguished

them from the continental Germanic languages.
But at the early stages of their development the dialects remained disunited. OE dialects acquired certain common

Слайд 39The main four dialects were:
Kentish, spoken in the area now

known as Kent and Surrey and in the Isle of

Wight. This dialect developed from the tongue of the Jutes and Frisians.
The main four dialects were:Kentish, spoken in the area now known as Kent and Surrey and in

Слайд 40West Saxon, spoken in the rest of England south the

Thames and the Bristol Channel, except Wales and Cornwall. There

Celtic dialects were preserved.
West Saxon, spoken in the rest of England south the Thames and the Bristol Channel, except Wales

Слайд 41Mercian, spoken in the kingdom of Mercia (the central region,

from the Thames to the Humber).

Northumbrian, spoken from the Humber

north to the river Forth.
Mercian, spoken in the kingdom of Mercia (the central region, from the Thames to the Humber).Northumbrian, spoken

Слайд 42The boundaries between the dialects were not distinct and may

be movable. None of the dialect was dominant, they enjoyed

equality.
By the 8th c. the centre of English culture had shifted to Northumbria and the Northumbrian dialect got more prominence.
The boundaries between the dialects were not distinct and may be movable. None of the dialect was

Слайд 43In the 9th c. the political and cultural centre moved

to Wessex and the West Saxon dialect is preserved in

a greater number of accounts than all the other dialects.
Towards the 11th c. the West Saxon dialect developed into a bookish language.
In the 9th c. the political and cultural centre moved to Wessex and the West Saxon dialect

Слайд 44Anglo-Saxon Invasion

Anglo-Saxon Invasion

Слайд 45Saxon House

Saxon House

Слайд 46Old English Dialects

Old English Dialects

Слайд 47Old English Written Accounts
Outline
Runic Accounts
Old English Manuscripts

Old English Written AccountsOutline Runic AccountsOld English Manuscripts

Слайд 48The earliest written records in English are inscriptions on hard

material made in runes.
The word “rune” originally meant “secret”,

“mystery”. Each character indicated a separate sound.
The earliest written records in English are inscriptions on hard material made in runes. The word “rune”

Слайд 49Futhark
In some inscriptions the runes were arranged in a

fixed order making a sort of alphabet. It was called

futhark. The letters are angular, straight lines are preferred. This is due to the fact that runic inscriptions were cut on hard material: stone, bone or wood. The number of runes was from 28 to 33 (new sounds appeared).
Futhark In some inscriptions the runes were arranged in a fixed order making a sort of alphabet.

Слайд 50Runic inscriptions
The two best known runic inscriptions in England are:
1).

on a box called the “Franks Casket”
2) a short text

on a stone cross in Dumfriesshire near the village of Ruthwell known as the “Ruthwell Cross”. Both records are in the Northumbrian dialect.
Runic inscriptionsThe two best known runic inscriptions in England are:1). on a box called the “Franks Casket”2)

Слайд 51
The Runic Casket is made of whale bone. As for

the size of the plates, parts of the jaw have

been used. The measurements of the panels:
Front and Back ~ 23 cm x 10.5 cm
the Sides ~ 19 cm x 10.5 cm
the Lid (remaining portion) ~ 22,5 cm x 8.5 cm

Franks Casket

The Runic Casket is made of whale bone. As for the size of the plates, parts of

Слайд 52Feoh byth frofur fira gehwylcum or: money makes the world

go round
Front Side

Feoh byth frofur fira gehwylcum  or: money makes the world go roundFront Side

Слайд 53Rad byth on recyde ... Or: On the road again

...
Left Side (a ride) seems easy to every warrior while

he is at home,
and very courageous to him who traverses
the highroads on the back of a stout horse.
(Ags. Runic Poem)
Rad byth on recyde ...  Or: On the road again ...Left Side (a ride) seems easy

Слайд 54Tyr bith tacna sum, healdeth trywa wel with aethelingas Or:

the winner takes it all
Back Side
Having procured his client divine

assistance at travel and war, the rune master now wants to provide victory, by which he gains dom, dignity, and along with it weorþ, a hero's highest goal in life, i.e.power and glory.
Tyr bith tacna sum, healdeth trywa wel with aethelingas  Or: the winner takes it allBack SideHaving

Слайд 55Haegl byth the hwitust corna Or: How to die a

heroic death
Right Side
Erilaz has come up with emblematic pictures and

luck procuring inscriptions on three panels in order to procure wyrd, his client's destiny from birth to the peak of his earthly life. But this life is just one part of heroic existence.
Haegl byth the hwitust corna  Or: How to die a heroic deathRight SideErilaz has come up

Слайд 56Of Valhalla and the Final Battle Or: Even gods can

fight in vain ...
The Lid
The rune master has provided a

perfect life from birth to death. But his assistance reaches beyond that border. The valkyrie has taken her human companion to Walhalla so that he has his seat among Woden's warriors. There he is preparing himself for the final battle (O.N. Ragnarök), a fight against the Frost Giant on the side of the gods, the aesir. And that is what this panel is about.
Of Valhalla and the Final Battle  Or: Even gods can fight in vain ...The LidThe rune

Слайд 57Ruthwell Cross in Churchyard, ca. 1880

Ruthwell Cross in Churchyard, ca. 1880

Слайд 58The cross originally stood near the present church. In 1664

it was pulled down and smashed on the instructions of

the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. In 1802 it was re-erected in the garden and in 1887 was moved to a specially built place in the church.
The cross originally stood near the present church. In 1664 it was pulled down and smashed on

Слайд 59Ruthwell Church  

Ruthwell Church  

Слайд 60The Ruthwell Cross

The Ruthwell Cross

Слайд 61The cross is richly decorated with Christian symbols. The two

faces are carved with a series of panels, each one

illustrating a scene from the Gospels and accompanied by a Latin text. The sides are carved with vine leaves and animals and around the border runs a runic inscription. This is part of the "Dream of the Rood", an Early English poem on the crucifixion
The cross is richly decorated with Christian symbols. The two faces are carved with a series of

Слайд 62Detail showing the intricate Celtic influenced carving

Detail showing the intricate Celtic influenced carving

Слайд 63The impressive eighteen feet high cross continues for two metres

behind the altar and below the floor level.

The impressive eighteen feet high cross continues for two metres behind the altar and below the floor

Слайд 64 The figure of Christ dominates the front of the

cross and He is dressed in the traditional post resurrection

manner; the figure prone before Him is possibly Mary Magdalen.
The figure of Christ dominates the front of the cross and He is dressed in the

Слайд 65Old English Manuscripts
Compared with other West Germanic peoples, the

Anglo-Saxons are exceptional in their early use of writing and

in the large amount of writing that survives.
Writing in those times was very much the property of the church and written texts were largely produced in monastic scriptoria.
Old English Manuscripts Compared with other West Germanic peoples, the Anglo-Saxons are exceptional in their early use

Слайд 66Writing was mostly in Latin. Sermons could be delivered orally

in English even if they were written down and survived

in their written form in Latin.
But some writing in English was needed.
Writing was mostly in Latin. Sermons could be delivered orally in English even if they were written

Слайд 67Names of English places and people had to be written

down.
Certain traditional features of Anglo-Saxon life, such as the

law, would need to reflect the language in which it had been handled down in traditional form to maintain ancient legal practices.
Names of English places and people had to be written down. Certain traditional features of Anglo-Saxon life,

Слайд 68Anglo-Saxon Charters
Many documents survived: various wills, grants, deals of

purchase, agreements, proceedings of church councils, laws.

They are known

as “Anglo-Saxon Charters”.
Anglo-Saxon Charters  Many documents survived: various wills, grants, deals of purchase, agreements, proceedings of church councils,

Слайд 69Anglo-Saxon Charters

Anglo-Saxon Charters

Слайд 70Bede’s Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum was written in Latin in

the 8th c. but it contains an English fragment of

5 lines known as “Bede’s Death Song” and a religious poem of nine lines “Caedmon’s Hymn”.
Bede’s Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum was written in Latin in the 8th c. but it contains an

Слайд 71Bede's Death Song in OE

Bede's Death Song in OE

Слайд 72Bede's Death Song in ModE
Before the

journey that awaits us all,

No man

becomes so wise that he has not

Need to think out, before his going hence,

What judgment will be given to his soul

After his death, of evil or of good.
Bede's Death Song in ModE     Before the journey that awaits us all,

Слайд 73“Beowulf”
The greatest poem of the time is “Beowulf” (7th or

8th c.).
It was originally composed in the Mercian or

Northumbrian dialect, but has come down to us in a West Saxon copy (10th c.).
The author is unknown.
“Beowulf”The greatest poem of the time is “Beowulf” (7th or 8th c.). It was originally composed in

Слайд 74The First Page of “Beowulf”

The First Page of “Beowulf”

Слайд 75Anglo-Saxon Chronicles
The earliest samples of continuous prose are Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.


These are brief account of the year’s happenings made at

various monasteries.
Anglo-Saxon ChroniclesThe earliest samples of continuous prose are Anglo-Saxon Chronicles. These are brief account of the year’s

Слайд 76Literary prose
Literary prose appeared in the 9th c. which witnessed

a flourishing of learning and literature during King Alfred’s reign.

King Alfred translated from Latin books on geography, history, philosophy.
One of his most important contributions is Orosius’s World History.
Literary proseLiterary prose appeared in the 9th c. which witnessed a flourishing of learning and literature during

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