The main developments in the history of world politics

of global politics.

World history 1900-1945.

world order has been underway for centuries. Such ideas were

offered by classical and premodern theorists of politics, such as Hobbes, Kant, List and other geopoliticians, beginning with Admiral Mahan in the final decade of the 1800s, continuing with Halford Mackinder and Nicholas Spykman during the middle of the twentieth century, and ending with Colin Gray in the 1990s. After World War II, new theories were offered by Aron, Waltz and others.

these theories have been restated in a different form by

Samuel Huntington (1996), Benjamin Barber (1995) and Robert Kaplan (1994, 1996). The world is changing. Why is it changing? What is its trajectory (траектория) is hardly clear to anyone. The world of well-defined nation-states under American rule and discipline, still offers the best hope for reducing the risks of war and enhancing (повышение) the possibilities for teleological human improvement.

who warned that, in the absence of government, there is

only a “State of Nature”, the “war of everyone against everyone”. Ken Booth (University College of Wales) argued that: “States are less able to perform their traditional functions. Global factors increasingly impinge (нарушать) on all decisions made by governments. Identity patterns are becoming more complex, as people assert (заявлять) local loyalties but want to share in global values and lifestyles.

tenable than ever. And there is growing awareness that we

are sharing a common world history”. (Booth, 1991) Rosenau’s theory is an essentially liberal theory, and while he acknowledges the importance of economic factors between two worlds, he shies away from recognizing the central role of material and economic change and the ancillary (вспомогательный) processes of social innovation and reorganization.

process of social innovation and reorganization that go hand-in-hand with

changes in production and purpose. This is to be regarded as a positive or negative development remains to be seen. Globalization has challenged the authority of national governments. The growth of transnational society has given rise to problems and has blurred (расплывчатый) distinctive spheres of authority and decision-making. As a result, authoritative decision-making for polities is increasingly conceptualized as global governance (Rosenau, 1997)

authority that have resulted from globalization typically require government (national,

regional, local) to interact with other organizations and institutions, both public and private, foreign and domestic, to achieve desired goals. An important manifestation (манифестация, проявление) of global governance is the significant expansion of regional processes focusing on international migration. Globalization has led to the strengthening of global institutions: the World Trade Organization for trade, the International Monetary Fund for finance, the World Bank for economic development, and so on.

World history 1900-1945 1900 – 1945 were

marked by massive upheaval (переворот). Within 45 years, the world experienced two Total Wars, a global economic slump (спад, кризис), and the ending of four major empires, with tsarist (царское) Russia being overthrown by a Bolshevik Revolution.

over four years of war, the diplomats and political leaders

who gathered at Versailles in 1919 to forge (возглавлять) a peace settlement were adamant (несокрушимый) that their endeavors (попытка) must not just resolve the immediate post-war issues but also make war impossible in the future. 20 years after the Treaty of Versailles, another world war was under way – this war even more global in its reach than the first war. The years 1900-45 mark the most destructive (разрушающий) period in human history.

into (move) prolonged civil war. The international economy collapsed after

the Wall Street Crash of 1929. Partly, as a result of the ensuing (происходить) depression, democracies crumbled (разрушаться) in the 1930s, while extreme right-wing dictatorships flourished in Germany, Italy, Spain, Japan and many countries of Latin America. The most globally significant transformation during the first half of the 20th century was Europe’s effective collapse as pre-eminent (превосходящий других) continent.

economically prosperous and populous (густонаселенный) European states, whose empires encompassed

(охватывать) much of the globe, by 1945 had been replaced by one in which the major arbiters (властитель) of international affairs were the two new superpowers – the United States of America and the Soviet Union. Europe, at least temporarily, was in a state of ruin and indebtedness, with Eastern and Central Europe lying under Soviet occupation. The Second World War further intensified (активизировать) Europe’s disintegration.

continent was divided between two newly emergent (получивший независимость) superpowers

– the United States and the USSR, both of which had primarily concentrated on their own internal development in the inter-war (межвоенный) years. Second World War dramatically brought about Europe’s collapse. Before the First World War, Europe had not experienced a conflict that enmeshed (запутывать) so many different countries and peoples.

numbers than in any other span (пролет) of 4 decades,

but they also found more barbaric (варварский) methods of doing so: from the Nazi genocide of 6 million Jews carried out in the concentration camps, to America’s dropping of atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945. The world of 1945 was almost unrecognizable from that of 1900. The story of these years is one of disintegration. A series of empires collapsed in Austro-Hungary, Turkey and Russia in the course of World War I.

global pattern of international relations:
● 1 in 4 of the

world’s population lives in Europe;
● the European ‘great powers’ (Britain, France, Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia) have a concentration of military power, as well as dominating world trade.

Netherlands, Portugal) cover much of the world: ● approximately 500m. people

live under European colonial rule; ● search for colonies continues; especially Germany in Africa and Tsarist Russia in Asia.

the Habsburg empire (covering Austro-Hungary and much of central Europe

and the Balkans); ● the Ottoman empire (centered on Turkey and encompassing (охватывая) much of the Middle East and the Balkans); ● Tsarist Russia; ● Imperial China.

the world’s largest imperial and trading power, but increasingly under

threat; ● rapid industrial expansion in North America; ● Japan modernizing and industrializing.

US and USSR:
● US first nuclear superpower, after explosion of

atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, August 1945;
● US emerges (выходить) from World War II as major creditor nation and center of the international economy;
● USSR in economic ruin after war, but Red Army occupies all Eastern and much of Central Europe, to Berlin and beyond.

split (раскол) until 1989; ● national economies in ruin; large debts

owing to US; ● European colonial empires undermined by war; by Japanese overrunning of colonies in South-East Asia.

makes commitment to national self determination; ● India seeking independence (achieved

in 1947); ● Ho Chi Minh declares Vietnam an independent republic in 1945.

establishment of the Peoples Republic of China in 1949; ● together

with the population of the USSR, one-third of the world lived under communist rule.

1945-1990.
The end of the cold war.
World history since 1990.